Difference Between Router and Switch

Specification	Router	Switch
Table:	Store IP address in Routing table and maintain address at its own.	Store MAC address in lockup table and maintain address at its own
Address used for data transmission:	Uses IP address	Uses MAC address
Data Transmission form:	Packet	Frame (L2 Switch) Frame & Packet (L3 switch)
Transmission Type:	At Initial Level Broadcast then Uni-cast & Multicast	At Initial Level Broadcast then Uni-cast & Multicast
Technical Specifications:	Routers operate at Layer 3 (Network) of the OSI model.	Network switches operate at layer two (Data Link Layer) of the OSI model.
Transmission Mode:	Full duplex	Full duplex
Device Category:	Intelligent Device	Intelligent Device
Device Type:	inter networking device	networking device
Layer:	Network Layer	Data Link Layer Network Layer
Ports:	2/4/8/	8/16/24/48
Used for:	Connecting Two or more networks.	Connecting two or more nodes.
Features:	Firewall VPN Dynamic handling of Bandwidth	Priority rt range On/Off setting of port VLAN Port mirroring
Faster:	In a different network environment (MAN/ WAN) Router is faster than L3 Switch.	In a LAN environment L3 switch is faster than Router (built in switching hardware)
NAT (Network Address Translation):	Can Perform NAT	Switches can Not perform NAT
Routing Decision:	Take faster Routing Decision	Take more time for complicated routing Decision
Collision:	Less	Less
Bandwidth sharing:	Bandwidth sharing is Dynamic (Enables either static or dynamic bandwidth sharing for modular cable interfaces. The default percent-value is 0. The percent-value range is 1-96.)	If speed of switch is 10/100 Mbps then bandwidth of each and every one of its ports gets 10/100 Mbps.
Speed:	1-10 Mbps(Wireless) 100 Mbps (Wired)	10/100Mbps, 1Gbps
Speed:	LAN . WAN	LAN

Remove and Restrict all Kinds of Restrictions for Windows 2000, XP, 2003, Vista, 2008 and 7

Following is a list of some interesting restrictions, which can be made in Windows 2000, XP, 2003, Vista, 2008 and 7. Like you can restrict Display properties, task bar properties, folder options, etc. All tricks are based on Registry editing. So I'll tell the key name and the value, that you have to create for the restriction. If the key is not present, then simply create it.

Remove & Restrict All Kinds of Restrictions...
NOTE: If you want to remove the restriction, then simply delete the DWORD value or set its value to 0
So, here we start:
1.) Restrict Display Properties:
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Current Version\Policies\System
create DWORD value NoDispCPL and set its value to 1

2.) Restrict Taskbar Properties:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Current Version\Policies\Explorer

create DWORD value NoSetTaskbar and set its value to 1

3.) Restrict Folder Options:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Current Version\Policies\Explorer

create DWORD value NoFolderOptions and set its value to 1

4.) Restrict Locking/Unlocking the taskbar:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Current Version\Policies\Explorer

create DWORD value LockTaskbar and set its value to 1

5.) Restrict Active Desktop:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Current Version\Policies\Explorer

create DWORD value NoActiveDesktop and set its value to 1

6.) Restrict adding/deleting items from Toolbars:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Current Version\Policies\Explorer

create DWORD value NoToolbarCustomize and set its value to 1

7.) Restrict adding/deleting toolbars:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Current Version\Policies\Explorer

create DWORD value NoBandCustomize and set its value to 1

8.) Restrict right-click in Start Menu:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Current Version\Policies\Explorer

create DWORD value NoChangeStartMenu and set its value to 1

9.) Restrict Desktop Cleanup Wizard:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Current Version\Policies\Explorer

create DWORD value No Desktop Clean up Wizard and set its value to 1

10.) Restrict notification at low disk space:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Current Version\Policies\Explorer

create DWORD value No Low Disk Space Checks and set its value to 1



11.) Restrict Taskbar Context Menu:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Current Version\Policies\Explorer

create DWORD value No Tray Context Menu and set its value to 1

12.) Restrict Programs to run:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Current Version\Policies\Explorer\DisallowRun

create String value with any name, like 1 and set its value to the program's EXE file.

e.g., If you want to restrict msconfig, then create a String value 1 and set its value to msconfig.exe. If you want to restrict more programs, then simply create more String values with names 2, 3 and so on and set their values to the program's exe.

13.) Restrict Registry Editor:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Current Version\Policies\System

create DWORD value Disable Registry Tools and set its value to 1

14.) Restrict Task Manager:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Current Version\Policies\System

create DWORD value Disable TaskMgr and set its value to 1



15.) Restrict Writing to USB Drives:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Current Control Set\ ControlSet \Control\ Storage Device Policies

Create DWORD value Write Protect and set its value to 1

16.) Restrict New option in context menu:

HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Directory\Background\ shellex\ Context Menu Handlers\New

And delete the value of Default, e.g., empty it.

17.) Restrict Send To in context menu:

HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\AllFilesystemObjects\shellex\ContextMenu Handlers\Send To

And delete the value of Default, e.g., empty it.

18.) Restrict Balloon Tips:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Current Version\Explorer\Advanced

Create DWORD value EnableBalloonTips and set its value to 0

19.) Restrict Users to enable New XP StartMenu:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Current Version\Policies\Explorer

Create DWORD value No Simple Start Menu and set its value to 1

20.) Restrict Command Prompt:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\System

Create DWORD value Disable CMD and set its value to 2



21.) Restrict Drives in My Computer:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Current Version\Policies\Explorer

In right-side pane, create a new DWORD value No View On Drive and change its value as following:

3 : To Restrict A and B drives only.
4 : To Restrict C drive only.
7 : To Restrict A, B, and C drives only.
8 : To Restrict D drive only.
F : To Restrict A, B, C, and D drives only.
03FFFFFF : To Restrict all drives.

And if you want more specific restrictions, like you want to restrict a combination of other drives, then you can use decimal no. instead of hexadecimal no. Following is a list for all drives decimal no.:

A: 1
B: 2
C: 4
D: 8
E: 16
F: 32
G: 64
H: 128
I: 256
J: 512
K: 1024
L: 2048
M: 4096
N: 8192
O: 16384
P: 32768
Q: 65536
R: 131072
S: 262144
T: 524288
U: 1048576
V: 2097152
W: 4194304
X: 8388608
Y: 16777216
Z: 33554432
ALL: 67108863

So if you want to disable a combination of drives, just sum their numbers and give the same value to NoViewOnDrive. e.g., for restricting C, D, E and F drives, give the value: 4+8+16+32 = 60

NOTE: You can also hide the drives using No Drives DWORD value. The location and its value remain same as the above trick.

22.) Restrict RUN in New XP Start Menu:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Current Version\Policies\Explorer

Create DWORD value No Run and set its value to 1

23.) Restrict Control Panel:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Current Version\Policies\Explorer

Create DWORD value No Control Panel and set its value to 1

Hope I Provide you the information, to help to win the battle against any virus, worms, trojan horse, malware or spyware, who may restrict you.

Difference Between Windows and Linux

Linux is an open-source Operating System. People can change codes and add programs to Linux OS which will help use your computer better. Linux evolved as a reaction to the monopoly position of windows. you can't change any code for windows OS. You can't even see which processes do what and build your onw extension. Linux wants the programmers to extend and redesign it's OS. Linux user's can edit its OS and design new OS.
All flavors of Windows come from Microsoft. Linux come from different companies like LIndows , Lycoris, Red Hat, SuSe, Mandrake, Knopping, Slackware.
Linux is customizable but Windows is not. For example,NASlite is a version of Linux that runs off a single floppy disk and converts an old computer into a file server. This ultra small edition of Linux is capable of networking, file sharing and being a web server.
Linux is freely available for desktop or home use but Windows is expensive. For server use, Linux is cheap compared to Windows. Microsoft allows a single copy of Windows to be used on one computer. You can run Linux on any number of computers.
Linux has hign security. You have to log on to Linux with a userid and password. You can login as root or as normal user. The root has full previlage.
Linux has a reputation for fewer bugs than Windows.
Windows must boot from a primary partition. Linux can boot from either a primary partition or a logical partition inside an extended partition. Windows must boot from the first hard disk. Linux can boot from any hard disk in the computer.
Windows uses a hidden file for its swap file. Typically this file resides in the same partition as the OS (advanced users can opt to put the file in another partition). Linux uses a dedicated partition for its swap file.
Windows separates directories with a back slash while Linux uses a normal forward slash.
Windows file names are not case sensitive. Linux file names are. For example "abc" and "aBC" are different files in Linux, whereas in Windows it would refer to the same file.
Windows and Linux have different concepts for their file hierarchy. Windows uses a volume-based file hierarchy while Linux uses a unified scheme. Windows uses letters of the alphabet to represent different devices and different hard disk partitions. eg: c: , d: , e: etc.. while in linux " / " is the main directory.
Linux and windows support the concept of hidden files. In linux hidden files begin with " . ", eg: .filename
In Linux each user will have a home directory and all his files will be save under it while in windows the user saves his files anywhere in the drive. This makes difficult to have backup for his contents. In Linux its easy to have backup's.

What is the Difference Between Router and Switch?

Routers and switches are both pieces of networking equipment that help data move across the network to their final location, but they work differently, and actually function at different levels of the networking stack. What is the difference between a router and a switch?
The least intelligent kind of networking device is a hub, which takes data in one port, and then retransmits it out every other port. So any information sent or received by any single computer on a hub is retransmitted to every other computer. This is bad for security, obviously, but it also uses up a lot of bandwidth on the network, as computers have to receive data that they don’t need.

A switch uses a little more intelligence. It learns the IP address of each computer attached to it, by matching up IP addresses with hardware MAC addresses. When data comes into the switch, it only sends data back out the port assigned to that computer’s MAC address. Switches are said to work at a hardware level, and help relieve bandwidth across the network.

A router is the most intelligent networking device. But routers aren’t like really intelligent switches, they actually work in a completely different way. Routers are designed to connect networks together. So, your internal network might have IP addresses, like 192.0.0.100, while your Internet service provider might give your computer an IP address that starts with 64.x.x.x. A router can take internal traffic bound for destinations out on the Internet in general, and route it from your internal network to the external network. Whenever you change networks, you need a router. And vice versa when information comes from the external network to your home network.

     More Difference between router and switch

In those early days when router is router and switch is switch, these two are different in several ways: 

·        Router understand IP head, and switch deal with MAC address 

·        Router has its own IP address(es), and switch don’t 
·        Router has an operating system running inside, and allow administrator to login into the system. 
·        You (network administrator) must configure routing table to make it works. 
·        Switch is usually ready to use. 
·        Router has routing software running inside, including route discovery protocol. 
·        Routing software know how to deal with different IP packet, such as ICMP and other IP option       functionality. Switches don’t. 
·        Multiple routers can be connected together as a network. 

.   You can’t directly multiple switches together to form a large network.

Difference Between Core i3, Core i5, Core i7

Intel will stop selling Core 2 Duo and Core 2 Quad in 2010. Core is the new range of Intel processors.

Core i3:
* Entry level processor.
* 2-4 Cores
* 4 Threads
* Hyper-Threading (efficient use of processor resources)
* 3-4 MB Catche
* 32 nm Silicon (less heat and energy)

Core i5:
* Mid range processor.
* 2-4 Cores
* 4 Threads
* Turbo Mode (turn off core if not used)
* Hyper-Threading (efficient use of processor resources)
* 3-8 MB Catche
* 32-45 nm Silicon (less heat and energy)


Core i7:
* High end processor.
* 4 Cores
* 8 Threads
* Turbo Mode (turn off core if not used)
* Hyper-Threading (efficient use of processor resources)
* 4-8 MB Catche
* 32-45 nm Silicon (less heat and energy)